viernes, 22 de julio de 2016

Phrasal Verbs

INTRODUCCIÓN

Cuando uno lee o escucha el idioma inglés, es muy común que uno se enfrente con expresiones que involucran sustantivos, verbos, adjetivos, adverbios y otras palabras, sin ninguna relación lógica aparente ni con la construcción ni con el significado. Este proceso de combinar palabras individuales para formar unidades nuevas, o phrasal verbs, que tienen significados variados, no es peculiar del idioma inglés; ya que, formaciones idiomáticas similares existen en otros idiomas.
Para la persona que aprende el idioma inglés, uno de los aspectos más irritantes y frustrantes del idioma es la formación de expresiones especiales o modismos (idioms). El estudiante descubre, con desilusión, que existen docenas de combinaciones de palabras cuyo significado tiene poca o ninguna relación con las palabras individuales de las cuales están compuestas.
Las expresiones anteriormente mencionadas son impredecibles y no siguen un patrón; esto se debe a que se derivan de factores culturales, del folclor, de proverbio famosos, e incluso de la política y de los eventos comunes, más que del idioma en sí.
Por las razones expuestas anteriormente, es necesario que al estudiante que ya tiene un nivel intermedio o avanzado de domino del idioma inglés, se le presente estos grupos de verbos junto con ciertas guías para los problemas que va a enfrentar en cuanto al orden de las palabras, la acentuación, la entonación y el uso de las mismas.
Seguramente, el alumno con estos niveles de dominio del idioma, ya se ha topado anteriormente con este tipo de expresiones, sin reparar demasiado en el por qué estas palabras funcionan de esta manera. Sin embargo, las usa de manera común y se aprende el significado de

memoria, sin saber por qué una simple partícula cambia drásticamente el significado del verbo de base, cuando está acostumbrado a traducirlos los componentes por separado. Entonces, ahora se enfrenta al problema de que, en el inglés, muchas de las veces, no se puede traducir literalmente; porque esto daría como resultado una traducción inexacta o inespecífica. Finalmente, se enfrenta a la situación de tener que aprender estas expresiones de memoria; ya que, muchas de ellas, formadas de las mismas partículas, pueden tener significados diferentes, dependiendo del contexto en el que se utilicen.
En el aprendizaje del idioma inglés, es de vital importancia el estudio de los phrasal verbs, que en español se podrían traducir como verbos compuestos; debido a que son expresiones que se utilizan con mucha frecuencia y en grandes cantidades tanto en el lenguaje escrito como en el hablado. Además, siguen patrones estructurales bien definidos que permiten la formación de listados bien organizados en familias agrupadas por el verbo de base, por la preposición con la que están asociados o por las reglas que siguen en el orden de las palabras. Inclusive, se puede formar listados de los phrasal verbs más comunes y más utilizados. Estos representan un reto tanto para su enseñanza como para su aprendizaje.

Definición de phrasal verb

Los estudiosos de la gramática no se han puesto de acuerdo en la definición de phrasal verbs en inglés. Incluso no saben si existe tal categoría. Muchos los llaman combinaciones de verbo-adverbio o verbo-preposición.
Un phrasal verb es generalmente un verbo de dos palabras. El tipo más común de phrasal verb es un verbo que está seguido por un adverbio. Cuando el adverbio es parte del phrasal verb, se le llama partícula. Por ejemplo:
Verbo + Partícula = Phrasal verb
Una partícula es en general un adverbio: about, along, around, away, back, by, down, in, off, on, out, over, around, up.
A veces, un adverbio solo agrega algo al significado del verbo:
When I turned around, I saw Ann behind me.
O puede cambiar completamente el significado del verbo:
A car suddenly pulled up behind me. (came to a stop)
Por ejemplo:
Have you come across my old exercise book in the store room? (=found)
Your new red tie doesn’t go with your yellow shirt. (= match)
Un phrasal verb en inglés tiene las siguientes características:
(a)  Consiste de un verbo seguido por una palabra que puede funcionar en las oraciones en inglés como una preposición.
(b)  Es una unidad semántica que tiene un significado, el cual con frecuencia difiere de la suma de los significados de sus partes individuales.
(c)  Es una unidad gramatical que desempeña las funciones normales de un verbo en las oraciones en inglés. Puede estar seguido o no de un objeto (sustantivo, pronombre objeto o nombre).

Phrasal verb o varbo + frase preposicional

Uno podría esperar que los phrasal verbs se puedan formar libremente combinando cualquier verbo con una preposición; sin embargo, este no es el caso.
No se puede “crear” un phrasal verb combinando arbitrariamente cualquier verbo con cualquier preposición. Entonces, para los estudiantes, el problema no es “hacer” un phrasal verb, sino reconocerlo.
Entonces, se tiene que diferenciar entre los phrasal verbs y las secuencias verbo-preposición normales. Y si, como ya se mencionó anteriormente, un phrasal verb es una unidad semántica que tiene un significado que con frecuencia difiere de la suma de los significados de sus partes separadas, notemos el contraste en significado de estas dos oraciones en las que se utiliza la secuencia call up.
Pleas call up the stairs and wake the children. (Call y up tienen su significado normal).
I want to call up the department store, but I don’t know the number. (Call up significa “telephone”).
In la primera oración se utiliza call como verbo y up en una frase preposicional, indicando dirección. Sin embargo, n la segunda oración call up tiene un significado en sí mismo: “telephone”. Entonces, call up es un phrasal verb típico.

Verbo + Frase preposicional
The boys ran into the street.
The two housewives enjoy talking over the fence.
We look up the street but saw no one.
After turning on Tenth Street, drive north.
Turn off the highway at the next intersection.
I waited on the corner for an hour.
If you look over the mountains, you will see a rainbow.
The passers-by looked into the window curiosly.

Phrasal verb
Mr. Brown ran into an old friend yesterday. (meet by accident)
The committee is talking over our report. (discussing)
Sally looked up the word because she didn’t understand it. (sought in a reference book)
Don’t you remember turning on the light. (starting the operation of)
Turn off the radio, please. (stop the opreration of)
She waited on us quietly and efficiently. (served)
The teacher will look over our tests tomorrow. (examine)
Have the policeman looked into the bank robbery? (investigated)

Estos pares de oraciones ilustran las diferencias, no solamente en significado, sino también en las relaciones interiores de las partes de la oración. La primera columna de oraciones ilustra de manera clara el uso de las frases preposicionales como modificadoras adverbiales. Para cada oración se puede hacer una pregunta con “where” y dar una respuesta lógica con el uso de la frase adverbial.
Where did the boys run?                       Into the Street.
Where did the housewives talk?          Over the fence.
Where did we look?                                Up the Street.
Sin embargo, si hace una pregunta con “where” para las oraciones de la segunda columna se puede observar que no hay una respuesta con significado lógico.
Where did Mr. Brown run?                   Into an old friend. (no tiene sentido)
Wher is the committee talking?           Over the report. (no tiene sentido)
Pero cuando se formula una pregunta con “what” o con “whom” usando un phrasal ver como unidad, se puede ver que el significado es claro.
Whom did Mr. Brown run into?          An old friend.
What is the committee talking over?  The report.
What did Sally look up?                          The word.
Ahora se ha aplicado otra de las características ya mencionada de los phrasal verbs: es una unidad gramatical que desempeña las funciones normales de un verbo en la oración. En todas las oraciones anteriores, se considera a las frases sustantivales que siguen los phrasal verbs como el objeto de los mismos. En otras palabras, estos phrasal verbs tienen objetos de manera similar a los verbos transitivos ordinarios.


jueves, 21 de julio de 2016

Future perfect

Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.

Uses


FORM Future Perfect with "Will"

[will have + past participle]

Examples:

You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:

You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.

Complete List of Future Perfect Forms
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.

Examples:

By next November, I will have received my promotion.
By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon.
By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?
Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.

Examples:

I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.
Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used.

Examples:

I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct
I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You will only have learned a few words.
Will you only have learned a few words?
You are only going to have learned a few words.

Are you only going to have learned a few words?

Structure


whatch this video to understand this topic better

Listen to the following audio and complete the sentences which are shown there.

AUDIO

Do the following exercises

EXERCISES


Past perfect continuous

Uses

USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past


We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.

Examples:

They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.
A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?
B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.

USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past

Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.

Examples:

Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.

Structure


Time expressions



To make this easier. check out this video


Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous

If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference.
Examples:
  • He was tired because he was exercising so hard.
    This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment.
  • He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.
    This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished.

Listen to the following audio and complete the sentences

AUDIO

To do some exercises click here




Past perfect

Uses

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
Examples:
  • I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
  • I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
  • Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
  • Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
  • She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
  • Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
  • We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
  • A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
    B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.


USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
Examples:
  • We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
  • By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
  • They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.
Example:
  • She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
MOREOVER
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.
Examples:
  • She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
  • She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
HOWEVER
If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.
Examples:
  • She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
  • She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct

Structure

Time Expressions


The video shown below will help you understand this topic and if you have already understand the topic this video will help you practice

In order to improve your hearing skills listen to the following audkio and answer correctly

AUDIO

Test yourself doing these exercises

EXERCISES

Present perfect continuous

Uses

USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

Examples:

They have been talking for the last hour.
She has been working at that company for three years.
What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
James has been teaching at the university since June.
We have been waiting here for over two hours!
Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?

USE 2 Recently, Lately

You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.

Examples:

Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
She has been watching too much television lately.
Have you been exercising lately?
Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
Lisa has not been practicing her English.
What have you been doing?

IMPORTANT

Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.

Time expressions

Typical time expression that are used with the present perfect continuous include 'since', 'for', 'all week', 'for days', 'lately', 'recently', 'over the last few months'.
  • He's been working here since 2001.
  • I've been wanting to do that for ten years.
  • They haven't been answering all week.
  • She hasn't been talking to me for days.
  • I've been working hard lately.
  • We've been looking at other options recently.
  • You haven't been performing well over the last few months.

Structure

Check out this video to understand this topic better

Click here to do some exercises

 Remember that in present perfect continuous we always use ¨been¨

Present Perfect

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
  • have seen that movie twenty times.
  • I think I have met him once before.
  • There have been many earthquakes in California.
  • People have traveled to the Moon.
  • People have not traveled to Mars.
  • Have you read the book yet?
  • Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
  • A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
    B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
  • have been to France.
    This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
  • have been to France three times.
    You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
  • have never been to France.
    This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
  • I think I have seen that movie before.
  • He has never traveled by train.
  • Joan has studied two foreign languages.
  • A: Have you ever met him?
    B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
  • You have grown since the last time I saw you.
  • The government has become more interested in arts education.
  • Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
  • My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
  • Man has walked on the Moon.
  • Our son has learned how to read.
  • Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
  • Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
  • James has not finished his homework yet.
  • Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
  • Bill has still not arrived.
  • The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
  • The army has attacked that city five times.
  • have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
  • We have had many major problems while working on this project.
  • She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Structure

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
  • Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
  • have seen that movie six times in the last month.
  • They have had three tests in the last week.
  • She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
  • My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
  • went to Mexico last year.
    I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
  • have been to Mexico in the last year.
    I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

Here are some present perfect exercises ( click here)

Remember that you have to conjugate the verb in past participle
Remember that regular verbs are the same in past and in past participle


Listen to the following audio and complete the sentences. Write down all the verbs you hear

miércoles, 20 de julio de 2016

Idiomatic future and simple future ( comparison)

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
  • "Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
  • "Will" is usually used in promises.
  • "Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. I

viernes, 15 de julio de 2016

Idiomatic Future (going to)















Going to future expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared.

Form of going to Future

 positivenegativequestion
II am going to speak.I am not going to speak.Am I going to speak?
you / we / theyYou are going to speak.You are not going to speak.Are you going to speak?
he / she / itHe is going to speak.He is not going to speak.Is he going to speak?


Use of going to Future

  • an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared
    example: I am going to study harder next year.
  • a conclusion regarding the immediate future
    example: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.






Afirmative way

Subject + am / is + going to + verb + complement

Examples

  • I am going to pass this course wiht good marck
  • Mary is going to takee an exam tomorrow
  • John is going to by a new dress
  • They are going to marry this weekend

Negative way

Subject + am not / isn´t / aren´t + going to + verb in infinitive + complement

Examples

  • They aren´t going to go with us to the trip
  • Mike isn´t going to participate in the competition
  • You aren´t going o help them as you had said
  • Jane isn´t going to share her toys with her cousins
  • It isn´t going to rain today in the afternoon
  • Mary isn´t going to call you by phone

Examples

a.- Are you going to joinnus today?
b.- Yes, i am / No im not

a.- Is john going to play videogames again?
b.-Yes he is / No, hisn´t
a.- What are you going to do tomorrow?
b.- I am going to go to the downtown

a.- Where are you going to study the university?
b.- I am going to study it in mexico city..


This video will give you an explanation about the idiomatic future




To do some exercises click here