English 4 everyone 2016
This blog will help you learn english
martes, 1 de noviembre de 2016
viernes, 14 de octubre de 2016
Future (going to) in the past
The Future in the Past has
two different forms in English: "would" and "was going to."
Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often
express two different meanings.
FORM Would [would + VERB]
Examples:
I knew they would help
him.
I knew they would not do
it.
I knew you would
come to the party!
I knew you would
not say good-bye
FORM Was/Were Going To
[was/were + going to + VERB]
Examples:
I knew you were going to go
to the party.
I knew you were not going to go
to the party.
USE 1 Future in Past
Future in the Past is used
to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in the
future. It does not matter if you are correct or not. Future in the Past
follows the same basic rules as the Simple Future: "Would" is used to
volunteer or make a spontaneous decision
Examples:
I’ll do it! / I’ll have a coke
I said I would
do it / I said I would have a
coke
or promise
Examples:
Promise I won’t tell
I promised I wouldn’t tell
and "was going
to" is used for plans and intentions
Examples:
I’m going to talk to her tomorrow
I said I was
going to talk to her the following day.
However, in the Future in
the Past, both forms can be used to make predictions about the future.
Examples:
Tomorrow it’ll rain – but They said the
following day was going to rain /
They said the following day would rain.
More examples:
I told you he was going to come
to the party. plan or intention
I knew Julie would make
dinner. voluntary
action/spontaneous decision
Jane said Sam was going to bring
his sister with him, but he came alone. PLAN OR
INTENTION
I had a feeling that the vacation was
going to be a disaster. prediction
He promised he would send
a postcard from Egypt. promise
REMEMBER
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms,[1] the Future
in the Past cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as
soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of using Future in the Past, you must use
Simple Past.
Examples:
I already told Mark that when he would
arrive, we would go out for dinner. Not Correct
I already told Mark that when he arrived,
we would go out for dinner. Correct
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
I knew John would finish
the work by 5:00 PM. Active
I knew the work would be finished
by 5:00 PM. Passive
I thought Sally was going to make
a beautiful dinner. Active
I thought a beautiful dinner was
going to be made by Sally. Passive
Find the sentences which
can remind you of the theory! And practice saying them out loud.
viernes, 22 de julio de 2016
Phrasal Verbs
INTRODUCCIÓN
Cuando uno lee o escucha el
idioma inglés, es muy común que uno se enfrente con expresiones que involucran
sustantivos, verbos, adjetivos, adverbios y otras palabras, sin ninguna
relación lógica aparente ni con la construcción ni con el significado. Este proceso
de combinar palabras individuales para formar unidades nuevas, o phrasal
verbs, que tienen significados variados, no es peculiar del idioma
inglés; ya que, formaciones idiomáticas similares existen en otros idiomas.
Para la persona que aprende
el idioma inglés, uno de los aspectos más irritantes y frustrantes del idioma
es la formación de expresiones especiales o modismos (idioms). El estudiante
descubre, con desilusión, que existen docenas de combinaciones de palabras cuyo
significado tiene poca o ninguna relación con las palabras individuales de las
cuales están compuestas.
Las expresiones
anteriormente mencionadas son impredecibles y no siguen un patrón; esto se debe
a que se derivan de factores culturales, del folclor, de proverbio famosos, e
incluso de la política y de los eventos comunes, más que del idioma en sí.
Por las razones expuestas
anteriormente, es necesario que al estudiante que ya tiene un nivel intermedio
o avanzado de domino del idioma inglés, se le presente estos grupos de verbos
junto con ciertas guías para los problemas que va a enfrentar en cuanto al
orden de las palabras, la acentuación, la entonación y el uso de las mismas.
Seguramente, el alumno con
estos niveles de dominio del idioma, ya se ha topado anteriormente con este
tipo de expresiones, sin reparar demasiado en el por qué estas palabras
funcionan de esta manera. Sin embargo, las usa de manera común y se aprende el
significado de
memoria, sin saber por qué
una simple partícula cambia drásticamente el significado del verbo de base,
cuando está acostumbrado a traducirlos los componentes por separado. Entonces,
ahora se enfrenta al problema de que, en el inglés, muchas de las veces, no se
puede traducir literalmente; porque esto daría como resultado una traducción
inexacta o inespecífica. Finalmente, se enfrenta a la situación de tener que
aprender estas expresiones de memoria; ya que, muchas de ellas, formadas de las
mismas partículas, pueden tener significados diferentes, dependiendo del
contexto en el que se utilicen.
En el aprendizaje del idioma
inglés, es de vital importancia el estudio de los phrasal verbs, que en
español se podrían traducir como verbos compuestos; debido a que son
expresiones que se utilizan con mucha frecuencia y en grandes cantidades tanto
en el lenguaje escrito como en el hablado. Además, siguen patrones
estructurales bien definidos que permiten la formación de listados bien
organizados en familias agrupadas por el verbo de base, por la preposición con
la que están asociados o por las reglas que siguen en el orden de las palabras.
Inclusive, se puede formar listados de los phrasal verbs más comunes y más
utilizados. Estos representan un reto tanto para su enseñanza como para su
aprendizaje.
Definición
de phrasal verb
Los estudiosos de la
gramática no se han puesto de acuerdo en la definición de phrasal verbs en
inglés. Incluso no saben si existe tal categoría. Muchos los llaman
combinaciones de verbo-adverbio o verbo-preposición.
Un phrasal verb es
generalmente un verbo de dos palabras. El tipo más común de phrasal verb es un
verbo que está seguido por un adverbio. Cuando el adverbio es parte del phrasal
verb, se le llama partícula. Por ejemplo:
Verbo + Partícula = Phrasal verb
Una partícula es en general un adverbio: about, along, around, away, back, by, down, in, off, on,
out, over, around, up.
A veces, un adverbio solo agrega algo al significado del verbo:
When I turned around,
I saw Ann behind me.
O puede cambiar completamente el significado del verbo:
A car suddenly pulled
up behind me. (came to a stop)
Por ejemplo:
Have you come
across my old exercise book in the store room? (=found)
Your new red tie doesn’t go with your yellow shirt. (= match)
Un phrasal verb en inglés
tiene las siguientes características:
(a) Consiste de un verbo seguido por una palabra
que puede funcionar en las oraciones en inglés como una preposición.
(b) Es una unidad semántica que tiene un
significado, el cual con frecuencia difiere de la suma de los significados de
sus partes individuales.
(c) Es una unidad gramatical que desempeña las
funciones normales de un verbo en las oraciones en inglés. Puede estar seguido
o no de un objeto (sustantivo, pronombre objeto o nombre).
Phrasal verb o varbo + frase
preposicional
Uno
podría esperar que los phrasal verbs se puedan formar libremente combinando
cualquier verbo con una preposición; sin embargo, este no es el caso.
No
se puede “crear” un phrasal verb combinando arbitrariamente cualquier verbo con
cualquier preposición. Entonces, para los estudiantes, el problema no es
“hacer” un phrasal verb, sino reconocerlo.
Entonces,
se tiene que diferenciar entre los phrasal verbs y las secuencias verbo-preposición normales. Y si, como ya se mencionó
anteriormente, un phrasal verb es una unidad semántica que tiene un significado
que con frecuencia difiere de la suma de los significados de sus partes
separadas, notemos el contraste en significado de estas dos oraciones en las
que se utiliza la secuencia call up.
Pleas call up
the stairs and wake the children. (Call y up tienen su
significado normal).
I want to call
up the department store, but I don’t know the number. (Call up significa “telephone”).
In
la primera oración se utiliza call como verbo y up en una frase preposicional, indicando dirección. Sin embargo, n
la segunda oración call up tiene un
significado en sí mismo: “telephone”. Entonces, call up es un phrasal verb típico.
Verbo + Frase preposicional
The boys ran into
the street.
The two
housewives enjoy talking over the
fence.
We look up the street but saw no one.
After turning on Tenth Street, drive north.
Turn off the
highway at the next intersection.
I waited on the corner for an hour.
If you look over the mountains, you will see a rainbow.
The
passers-by looked into the window curiosly.
Phrasal verb
Mr. Brown ran into an old friend yesterday. (meet
by accident)
The committee
is talking over our report.
(discussing)
Sally looked up the word because she didn’t
understand it. (sought in a reference book)
Don’t you
remember turning on the light.
(starting the operation of)
Turn off the radio, please. (stop the opreration of)
She waited on us quietly and efficiently.
(served)
The teacher
will look over our tests tomorrow.
(examine)
Have the
policeman looked into the bank robbery?
(investigated)
Estos pares de oraciones ilustran las
diferencias, no solamente en significado, sino también en las relaciones
interiores de las partes de la oración. La primera columna de oraciones ilustra
de manera clara el uso de las frases preposicionales como modificadoras
adverbiales. Para cada oración se puede hacer una pregunta con “where” y dar
una respuesta lógica con el uso de la frase adverbial.
Where
did the boys run? Into
the Street.
Where
did the housewives talk? Over the
fence.
Where
did we look? Up the Street.
Sin embargo, si hace una pregunta con “where”
para las oraciones de la segunda columna se puede observar que no hay una
respuesta con significado lógico.
Where
did Mr. Brown run? Into
an old friend. (no tiene sentido)
Wher
is the committee talking? Over the report. (no
tiene sentido)
Pero cuando se formula una pregunta con “what” o
con “whom” usando un phrasal ver como unidad,
se puede ver que el significado es claro.
Whom
did Mr. Brown run into? An old
friend.
What
is the committee talking over? The
report.
What
did Sally look up? The word.
Ahora se ha aplicado otra de las características
ya mencionada de los phrasal verbs: es una unidad gramatical que desempeña las
funciones normales de un verbo en la oración. En todas las oraciones
anteriores, se considera a las frases sustantivales que siguen los phrasal verbs
como el objeto de los mismos. En otras palabras, estos phrasal verbs tienen
objetos de manera similar a los verbos transitivos ordinarios.
jueves, 21 de julio de 2016
Future perfect
Future Perfect has two
different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have
done." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually
interchangeable.
Uses
FORM Future Perfect with "Will"
[will have + past participle]
Examples:
You will have perfected your
English by the time you come back from the U.S.
Will you have perfected your
English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
You will not have perfected
your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"
[am/is/are + going to have +
past participle]
Examples:
You are going to have
perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
Are you going to have
perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
You are not going to have
perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
NOTE: It is possible to use
either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect
with little or no difference in meaning.
Complete List of Future
Perfect Forms
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future
The Future Perfect expresses
the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can
also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.
Examples:
By next November, I will have
received my promotion.
By the time he gets home, she
is going to have cleaned the entire house.
I am not going to have
finished this test by 3 o'clock.
Will she have learned enough
Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
Sam is probably going to have
completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon.
By the time I finish this
course, I will have taken ten tests.
How many countries are you
going to have visited by the time you turn 50?
Notice in the examples above
that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than
Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you
cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future
(Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and
some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that
something will continue up until another action in the future.
Examples:
I will have been in London for
six months by the time I leave.
By Monday, Susan is going to
have had my book for a week.
Although the above use of
Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous
uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work,"
"teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even
though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the
Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such
as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc.
Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used.
Examples:
I am going to see a movie when
I will have finished my homework. Not Correct
I am going to see a movie when
I have finished my homework. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the
placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just,
etc.
Examples:
You will only have learned a
few words.
Will you only have learned a
few words?
You are only going to have
learned a few words.
Are you only going to have
learned a few words?
Structure
whatch this video to understand this topic better
Listen to the following audio and complete the sentences which are shown there.
AUDIO
Do the following exercises
EXERCISES
Past perfect continuous
Uses
USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past
We use the Past Perfect
Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until
another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two
weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect
Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous;
however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else
in the past.
Examples:
They had been talking for over
an hour before Tony arrived.
She had been working at that
company for three years when it went out of business.
How long had you been waiting
to get on the bus?
Mike wanted to sit down
because he had been standing all day at work.
James had been teaching at the
university for more than a year before he left for Asia.
A: How long had you been
studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?
B: I had not been studying
Turkish very long.
USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past
Using the Past Perfect
Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and
effect.
Examples:
Jason was tired because he had
been jogging.
Sam gained weight because he
had been overeating.
Betty failed the final test
because she had not been attending class.
Structure
Time expressions
To make this easier. check out this video
Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous
If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference.
Examples:
- He was tired because he was exercising so hard.
This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment. - He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.
This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished.
Listen to the following audio and complete the sentences
AUDIO
To do some exercises click here
Past perfect
Uses
USE 1 Completed Action Before
Something in the Past
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before
another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a
specific time in the past.
Examples:
- I had never seen such a beautiful beach
before I went to Kauai.
- I
did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
- Tony
knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
- Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
- She
only understood the movie because she had read the book.
- Kristine had never been to an opera before last
night.
- We
were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
- A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your
trip in 2006?
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
USE 2 Duration Before Something
in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some
non-continuous uses of Mixed
Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the
past and continued up until another action in the past.
Examples:
- We had had that car for ten
years before it broke down.
- By
the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
- They
felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to
Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words
"live," "work," "teach," and "study"
are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
IMPORTANT Specific Times with the
Past Perfect
Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use
specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is
possible, it is usually not necessary.
Example:
- She had visited her Japanese
relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
MOREOVER
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past
can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or
"after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and
"after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is
optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.
Examples:
- She had visited her Japanese
relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
- She visited her Japanese
relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
HOWEVER
If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time,
Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is
referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For
this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.
Examples:
- She never saw a
bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
- She had never seen a bear before she moved
to Alaska. Correct
Structure
Time Expressions
The video shown below will help you understand this topic and if you have already understand the topic this video will help you practice
In order to improve your hearing skills listen to the following audkio and answer correctly
AUDIO
Test yourself doing these exercises
EXERCISES
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